Many species have evolutionary mechanism to persist and regenerate after fire. However, during the last decades, abrupt change in the fire regime have occurred (Pausas 2004). These changes have implied a strong increase in fire recurrence in many fire-prone ecosystems, and the appearance of fire in ecosystems with no previous fire history. The changes in fire activity are related to recent socio-economic changes (land-use, increasing wildland-urban interface, increasing urban populations in rural areas, etc) and climate (Moreno et al. 1998, Piñol et al. 1998, Pausas 2004). GRACCIE will contribute to understand past changes in plant species (i.e., acquisition of adaptation traits) due to past fire regime changes (Pausas & Verdú 2005, Pausas et al. 2006) and to develop a scientific basis for mitigation, adaptation and restoration strategies of the damages caused by large and recurrent fires (Vallejo et al., 2006). Vegetation and fuel management (Baeza et al 2003) are promising tools for reducing fire risk and increasing ecosystem resilience, species richness and ecosystem maturity. In the context of GRACCIE, the research work will be devoted to a) evaluating and monitoring changes in the fire regime and its interactions with climate and land use, b) understanding post-fire persistence and regeneration mechanisms of plant species in different conditions (climate, vegetation, previous land-use, soil) in view of the different evolutionary histories, and c) providing tools for prediction of changes in biodiversity, community and landscape structure due to fire regime and, then, providing protocols and management strategies for reduction of vulnerability and increasing ecosystem resilience.